Attention Economy


Thursday, October 31, 2019

Future of MBA Programs

Quality of Education Matters

What’s behind Rising Returns to High-Quality College Education?
“We showed that the effects of high-quality colleges are exaggerated if one fails to adjust for student composition differences. When making the adjustment, the effects appear smaller and work mainly through increasing one’s graduation chances—where one’s degree comes from matters less for post-college earnings.
However, we also demonstrated that returns to college quality increased over time and argued that a large part of this increase is explained by the widening learning ability gap between students attending low-quality schools and students attending high-quality schools.” 

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Economics of Medical Tourism

Banking Woes in Europe

As profits dwindle, HSBC plans a radical overhaul

European banks need to slash costs to improve profitability. Accelerating job cuts is a good way to do it.

5 Years into Negative Rates, Europe’s Banks Feel the Pain

The 2020 Election

ANDREW YANG - PROFILE
Walking away from wealth and prestige dismayed his immigrant parents. But it made Yang into the entrepreneur running for president.
Related:

Noted Economist Greg Mankiw: I am no longer a Republican
“I just came back from city hall, where I switched my voter registration from Republican to unenrolled (aka independent). Two reasons:
First, the Republican Party has largely become the Party of Trump. Too many Republicans in Congress are willing, in the interest of protecting their jobs, to overlook Trump's misdeeds (just as too many Democrats were for Clinton during his impeachment). I have no interest in associating myself with that behavior. Maybe someday, the party will return to having honorable leaders like Bush, McCain, and Romney. Until then, count me out.
Second, in Massachusetts, unenrolled voters can vote in either primary. The Democratic Party is at a crossroads, where it has to choose either a center-left candidate (Biden, Buttigieg, Klobuchar, Yang) or a far-left populist (Warren, Sanders) as their nominee for president. I intend to help them choose the former. The latter propose to move the country too far in the direction of heavy-handed state control. And in doing so, they tempt those in the center and center-right to hold their noses and vote for Trump's reelection.” 

Monday, October 28, 2019

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Friday, October 25, 2019

Argentina's Latest Crisis - UPDATED

Argentina's 2019 Election Results


Argentina Crisis – Partial Default Ahead?

Argentina’s Recurring Nightmare

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

US Dollar and the International Monetary System

How a Weaponized Dollar Could Backfire

Locking China Out of the Dollar System
 https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-china-trade-war-financial-flows-dollar-by-paola-subacchi-2019-10

The Dollar Underpins American Power. Rivals Are Building Workarounds.

The Dollar Is Still King. How (in the World) Did That Happen?

The Tyranny of the U.S. Dollar

The Dollar and its Discontents

Ray Dalio Spells Out America’s Worst Nightmare

Big Data and Economics – Tipping Uber Drivers

Who tips best on Uber? Economists analyzed 40 million trips. Here’s what they found.

Wealth - US and International Trends

The Economist on the number of millionaires (by country):
“… wealth is a confused topic. It has grown a lot because low interest rates have increased asset prices. Moreover, it is tied up in retirement savings as well as varying degrees of social insurance. …
Credit Suisse reckons that the share of wealth owned by the richest 1% of adults declined slightly in the years before the crisis, but has grown since then. They now own 45% of the world’s wealth, the bank says; the wealthiest 10% have 82%. The bottom 50% account for less than 1%.”

The richest 10% of households now represent 70% of all U.S. wealth

The top 1% income earners by state: Here's how much you need to make to qualify

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Profiles of French Economist Gabriel Zucman

International Comparison of GDP Data and Long-Term Trends

Graphic from the World Bank - Tracking GDP in PPP terms shows rapid rise of China and India

These 20 Countries Will Dominate Global Growth in 2024

INTERNATIONAL GDP COMPARISON:
In order to compare the GDP figures of two countries it is first necessary to convert them to a common unit of account (say, the US dollar). A fundamentally important question that arises when one tries to convert local currency GDP values into their US dollar equivalent values is the following: 
What exchange rate do we use to make the conversion – market exchange rates or purchasing power parity (PPP) based exchange rates?

Using market exchange rates is problematic for several reasons:
  • Under floating exchange rates, currency values fluctuate considerably, even over a short period of time.
  • Using market exchange rates will result in a failure to account for the vast differences in the prices of many services and non-traded goods between rich and poor countries.
Hence, PPP-based exchange rate is often used for converting GDP data:
“GDP is measured in the currency of the country in question. That requires adjustment when trying to compare the value of output in two countries using different currencies. The usual method is to convert the value of GDP of each country into U.S. dollars and then compare them. Conversion to dollars can be done either using market exchange rates—those that prevail in the foreign exchange market—or purchasing-power-parity (PPP) exchange rates. The PPP exchange rate is the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another to purchase the same amount of goods and services in each country (see "Back to Basics" in the March 2007 issue of Finance & Development). There is a large gap between market and PPP-based exchange rates in emerging market and developing countries. For most emerging market and developing countries, the ratio of the market and PPP U.S. dollar exchange rates is between 2 and 4. This is because nontraded goods and services tend to be cheaper in low-income than in high-income countries—for example, a haircut in New York is more expensive than in Bishkek—even when the cost of making tradable goods, such as machinery, across two countries is the same. For advanced countries, market and PPP exchange rates tend to be much closer. These differences mean that emerging market and developing countries have a higher estimated dollar GDP when the PPP exchange rate is used”.

Here is a brief introduction to PPP exchange rates from the IMF:
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/ppp.htm

--
Debate Surrounding the Accuracy of China’s GDP Data:
Visual Evidence: Shenzhen – Transformation of a fishing village in to the skyscraper capital of China

China’s officially reported statistics appears to smooth out volatility in the underlying data. The average reported growth rate has, however, proven to be quite accurate:
Is China Fudging its GDP Figures? Evidence from Trading Partner Data
Related:
http://www.nber.org/papers/w23323.pdf



Abhijit Banerjee - 2019 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics

Abhijit Banerjee [2019 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics] and the Bengali Renaissance Movement
Bibek Debroy notes:
“Amongst Bengalis with an intellectual bent of mind (not just economists), there is (or was) a 19th century Bengali renaissance kind of tinge. There is an interest in multiple things—philosophy, music, sports, puzzles, mathematics, science, history. Dipak Banerjee was as much at home with David Gale’s books on mathematics as he was with classical music or solving cryptic crosswords. The son is of the same vintage, which is why I have a problem with equating Abhijit Banerjee’s work with randomised control trials, as a lot of reportage has done. There are people who plod away with the same research issue their whole lives. The 19th century Bengal renaissance stereotype will get bored with that. Amartya Sen moved on, shifting from one topic to another, continuing with the learning process throughout his life. Jhima has also done that, following the same intellectual tradition.”

Early Writings of Abhijit Banerjee
Envy, from Essays in Honour of Professor Dipak Banerjee

A Simple Model of Herd Behavior

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Economic Misunderstandings and Trade Wars


Taming the Currency Hype
https://blogs.imf.org/2019/08/21/taming-the-currency-hype/

Stephen S. Roach, a faculty member at Yale University and former Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia, notes:
“Despite years of denial, there can no longer be any doubt that the US is pursuing a bipartisan containment strategy vis-à-vis China. Whether justified or not, the real problem with this strategy is less the merits of the allegations leveled by US politicians than the incoherence of the Trump administration’s policies to address them.  

Big Data and Commerce



Sunday, October 13, 2019

Stock and Bond Market Signals and Business Cycle Turning Points

Trump Has Real Reasons to Fixate Over the Stock Market: Study finds a measurable tie between share returns and voting
“While no cycle is the same, past patterns in relation to a widely followed recession signal -- a curve inversion where two-year Treasury yields sit above 10-year, may point to a market peak and an economic downturn close to next year’s election.
Since 1956, such bond market warnings preceded a S&P 500 top by seven months and a recession by 15 months, on average, data compiled by Bank of America showed. Yields inverted in August for the first time in more than a decade. Should a similar path be followed, stocks may face some trouble starting in March 2020 and a recession in November.”

Is the World Economy Sliding into First Recession Since 2009?

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

MMT in the News

Taxing the Super Rich: Economic and Political Considerations

For the first time in history, U.S. billionaires paid a lower tax rate than the working class last year
“The average effective tax rate paid by the richest 400 families was 23 percent, a full percentage point lower than the 24.2 percent rate paid by the bottom half of American households, a new book-length study found.”

Wealth taxes have moved up the political agenda

The Rich Really Do Pay Lower Taxes Than You

The Case for Higher Taxes at the Very Top

Taxing the Rich – Pros and Cons

Sanders’s Wealth Tax Is Too Much of a Good Thing

Yang vs. Warren: Who Has the Better Tax Plan?

Saturday, October 5, 2019

US Equities, the Fed and the US Dollar

Surprise, Surprise. Stocks Say the Powell Put Lives
“The pattern seems clear, with the Fed prepared to tighten only when stocks are outperforming, and feeling obliged to cut when they do worse. Whether or not this is truly leading Powell and his colleagues, the market assumes that it is. In market parlance, they believe there is a “Powell Put.””

Sick with Recession Fever, Investors Make Powell ‘Their Drug’
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-04/markets-caved-in-on-powell-last-year-today-he-is-their-drug

Will US dollar devaluation be Trump's next sudden move?

Politics - Interesting Items

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

China's Billionaires

Cost of Informal Payments

Gandhi's Insights

Modi on Mahatma Gandhi
“In 1925, Gandhi wrote in “Young India”: “It is impossible for one to be internationalist without being a nationalist. Internationalism is possible only when nationalism becomes a fact, i.e., when peoples belonging to different countries have organized themselves and are able to act as one man.” He envisioned Indian nationalism as one that was never narrow or exclusive but one that worked for the service of humanity.”