Chen, Kaiji, and Tao Zha. 2025. "China's
Macroeconomic Development: The Role of Gradualist Reforms." Journal
of Economic Literature 63 (4): 1331–62.
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jel.20251631
This paper provides analytic guides to recent literature
on China’s macroeconomic development, emphasizing the critical role of the
gradualist reform approach. Our analysis suggests that from 1978 to 1997, the
gradualist approach contributed to China’s aggregate total factor productivity
and economic growth primarily through policies that facilitated the
reallocation of surplus labor from agriculture to nonagricultural sectors.
Since 1998, the government’s focus shifted, with various reforms encouraging
large enterprises, whether state owned or privately owned, to enter
capital-intensive sectors, making capital deepening the main driver of economic
growth. While this strategy sustained China’s GDP growth, it also increased
trade tensions with global partners, created barriers to transitioning to a
consumption-led economy, and threatened China’s long-term financial stability,
casting long shadows over the Chinese economy.