David Lagakos and Todd Schoellman, "Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences Revisited," NBER Working Paper 35826 (2026). https://doi.org/10.3386/w35826.
Development accounting is the search for proximate sources of cross-country income differences. This article describes how knowledge in this field has evolved over the two decades since the influential work of Caselli (2005). There have been large advances in the measurement of production inputs (labor, physical capital, and human capital). These advances have raised the estimated contribution of inputs, mostly human capital, in development accounting. Our preferred estimate is that inputs account for 55–70 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) per worker differences, versus 30 percent using the classic specification. The literature has also made progress in moving away from Cobb-Douglas production functions and measuring factors such as management quality that were previously bundled into total factor productivity (TFP). Our review highlights the new implications of these advances, areas where future research would be beneficial, and the limitations of development accounting.
Bachas, Pierre, Matthew Fisher-Post, Anders Jensen, and Gabriel Zucman. 2026. "Globalization, Capital Taxation, and Development: Evidence from a Macrohistorical Database." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 18 (4): 509–49.
https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/app.20240746
This paper builds and analyzes a new global macrohistorical database of effective tax rates on capital and labor in 154 countries. We establish a new stylized fact: While effective capital tax rates fell in developed countries between 1965 and 2018, they rose in developing countries after 1990. Multiple country-, sector-, and firm-level research designs suggest that trade openness contributed to this rise by increasing the share of output produced in corporations and larger firms, where effective capital taxation is higher. In contrast to a common view, globalization appears in many countries to have supported governments' ability to tax capital.